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                <h1 id="算法设计工具STL"><a href="#算法设计工具STL" class="headerlink" title="算法设计工具STL"></a>算法设计工具STL</h1><h2 id="STL概述"><a href="#STL概述" class="headerlink" title="STL概述"></a>STL概述</h2><h3 id="STL组成成分"><a href="#STL组成成分" class="headerlink" title="STL组成成分"></a>STL组成成分</h3><p>STL主要由</p>
<ul>
<li>container - 容器</li>
<li>algorithm - 算法</li>
<li>iterator - 迭代器</li>
</ul>
<p>三大件组成</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h3 id="什么是STL容器"><a href="#什么是STL容器" class="headerlink" title="什么是STL容器"></a>什么是STL容器</h3><p>简单说STL容器就是一种数据结构</p>
<pre class=" language-txt"><code class="language-txt">注意：
C++引入了命名空间概念，在不同命名空间中可以存在相同名字的标识符。</code></pre>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c">using namespace std<span class="token punctuation">;</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>常用的数据结构和相应头文件</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>数据结构</th>
<th>说明</th>
<th>头文件</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>vector</td>
<td>底层是数组，支持随机访问</td>
<td>&lt;vector&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string</td>
<td>字符处理容器</td>
<td>&lt;string&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>deque</td>
<td>双端队列</td>
<td>&lt;deque&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>list</td>
<td>链表，底层为双向链表</td>
<td>&lt;list&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>stack</td>
<td>栈</td>
<td>&lt;stack&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>queue</td>
<td>队列</td>
<td>&lt;queue&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>priority-queue</td>
<td>优先队列</td>
<td>&lt;queue&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>set/multiset</td>
<td>结点组成的红黑树</td>
<td>&lt;set&gt;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>map/mutimap</td>
<td>key-value结构，底层红黑树</td>
<td>&lt;map&gt;</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="什么是STL算法"><a href="#什么是STL算法" class="headerlink" title="什么是STL算法"></a>什么是STL算法</h3><p>STL算法是用来操作容器中数据的模板函数，大概100个算法模板函数</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testSort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> a<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">}</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>a<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">printArray</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="什么是STL迭代器"><a href="#什么是STL迭代器" class="headerlink" title="什么是STL迭代器"></a>什么是STL迭代器</h3><p>简单地说，STL迭代器用于访问容器中数据对象。</p>
<p>常用迭代器</p>
<ul>
<li>iterator - 指向容器中存放元素的迭代器，用于正向遍历容器中的元素</li>
<li>const_iterator - 指向容器中存放元素的常量迭代器，只能读取容器11中的元素</li>
<li>reverse_iterator - 指向容器中存放元素的反响迭代器，用于反向遍历容器中的元素</li>
<li>const_reverse_iterator - 常量反向迭代器</li>
</ul>
<p>迭代器常用操作：</p>
<ul>
<li>++ 正向移动迭代器</li>
<li>– 反向移动迭代器</li>
<li>* 返回迭代器值</li>
</ul>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testFrontIterator</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> myv<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>iterator it<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>it<span class="token operator">=</span>myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>it<span class="token operator">!=</span>myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token operator">++</span>it<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">*</span>it<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testBackIterator</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> myv<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>reverse_iterator rit<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>rit<span class="token operator">=</span>myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">rbegin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>rit<span class="token operator">!=</span>myv<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">rend</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span><span class="token operator">++</span>rit<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">*</span>rit<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="常用的STL容器"><a href="#常用的STL容器" class="headerlink" title="常用的STL容器"></a>常用的STL容器</h2><h3 id="顺序容器"><a href="#顺序容器" class="headerlink" title="顺序容器"></a>顺序容器</h3><h4 id="vector-向量容器"><a href="#vector-向量容器" class="headerlink" title="vector 向量容器"></a>vector 向量容器</h4><p>它是一个向量类模版。向量容器相当于数组，操作起来和数组的优缺点一样</p>
<p>定义方式</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c">vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> v1<span class="token punctuation">;</span>             <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 定义元素为int的向量v1</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">v2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>         <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指向向量v2的初始大小为10个int元素</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">double</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">v3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1.23</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指向v3的10个初始元素的初值为1.23</span>
vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">v4</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>a<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>      <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 用数组a 0～4共5个元素初始化v4</span></code></pre>
<p>vector提供了一系列的成员函数</p>
<pre class=" language-txt"><code class="language-txt">- empty()               判断当前向量是否为空
- size()                返回当前容量中实际元素个数
- []                    返回指定下标元素
- reserve(n)            为当前向量容器预分配n个元素的存储空间
- capacity()            返回当前向量容器在重新进行内存分配以前所能容纳的个数
- resize(n)             调整当前容量容器大小，使其能容纳n个元素
- push_back()           在当前向量容器尾部添加一个元素
- insert(pos,elem)      在pos位置插入元素elem，即将元素elem插入迭代器pos指向位置之前
- front()               获取当前向量容器的第一个元素
- back()                获取当前向量容器的最后一个元素
- erase()               删除当前向量向量容器中某个迭代器或者迭代器区间指定的元素
- clear()               删除当前想向量容器中的所有元素
- begin()               该函数的两个版本返回iterator或const_iterator，引用容器第一个元素
- end()                 该函数的两个版本返回... ,引用容器的最后一个位置
- rbegin()              该函数的两个版本返回reverse_iterator或const_reverse_iterator，引用容器的最后一个元素
- rend()                与rbegin反过来</code></pre>
<p>关于size和capacity区别</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token macro property">#<span class="token directive keyword">include</span> <span class="token string">&lt;iostream></span></span>
<span class="token macro property">#<span class="token directive keyword">include</span> <span class="token string">&lt;vector></span></span>

using std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>vector<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token keyword">int</span> <span class="token function">main</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token keyword">void</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> v<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"v.size() == "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">" v.capacity() = "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">capacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">reserve</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"v.size() == "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">" v.capacity() = "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">capacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">resize</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"v.size() == "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> <span class="token string">" v.capacity() = "</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> v<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">capacity</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span> std<span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>

    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token number">0</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<p>执行结果</p>
<p><img src="1.png" alt="01.jpg"></p>
<h4 id="string"><a href="#string" class="headerlink" title="string"></a>string</h4><p>string是一个保存字符序列的容器，类似于vector&lt;char&gt;</p>
<p>定义方式</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token keyword">char</span> cstr<span class="token punctuation">[</span><span class="token punctuation">]</span><span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"China!Greate Wall"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>        <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 字符串</span>
string <span class="token function">s1</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cstr<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                        <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// s1 "China! Greate Wall"</span>
string <span class="token function">s2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>s1<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                          <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// s2 "China! Greate Wall"</span>
string <span class="token function">s3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cstr<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">7</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">11</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                   <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// s3 "Greate Wall"</span>
string <span class="token function">s4</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cstr<span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">6</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                      <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// s4 "China"</span>
string <span class="token function">s5</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token string">'A'</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                       <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// s5 "AAAAA"</span>
</code></pre>
<p>操作方式</p>
<pre class=" language-txt"><code class="language-txt">empty()                                                  判断当前字符串是否为空串
size()                                                   返回当前字符串实际字符个数（返回结果为size_type类型）
length()                                                 返回当前字符串实际字符个数
[idx]                                                    返回当前字符串位于idx位置的字符，idx从0开始
at(idx)                                                  返回当前字符串位于idx位置的字符
compare(const string& str)                               返回当前字符串与字符串str的比较结果。相等是0，前者小于后者返回-1，否则返回1
append(cstr)                                             在当前字符串的末尾添加一个字符串str
insert(size_type idx,const string& str)                  在当前字符串的idx处插入一个字符串str
find(string& s,size_type pos)                            从当前字符串中的pos位置开始查找字符串s的第一个位置，找到返回其位置，若没有找到返回-1
replace(size_type idx,size_type len,const string& str)   将当前字符串中起始于idx的len个字符用一个字符串str替换
substr(size_type idx)                                    返回当前字符串起始于idx的子串             
substr(size_type idx,size_type len)                      返回当前字符串起始于idx的长度为len的子串
clear()                                                  删除当前字符串中的所有字符
erase()                                                  删除当前字符串中的所有字符
erase(size_type idx)                                     删除当前字符串换从idx开始的所有字符
erase(size_type idx,size_type len)                       删除当前字符串从idx开始的len个字符</code></pre>
<p>实例</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testString2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    string s1<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">""</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>s2<span class="token punctuation">,</span>s3<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token string">"Bye"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    s1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">append</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"Good morning"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    s2<span class="token operator">=</span>s1<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">int</span> i<span class="token operator">=</span>s2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">find</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"morning"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    s2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">replace</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>i<span class="token punctuation">,</span>s2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">length</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">-</span>i<span class="token punctuation">,</span>s3<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 相当于s2.replace(5,7,s3);</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"s1:"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>s1<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"s2:"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>s2<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h4 id="deque-双端队列容器"><a href="#deque-双端队列容器" class="headerlink" title="deque 双端队列容器"></a>deque 双端队列容器</h4><p>双端队列容器由若干个块构成，每个块中元素的地址是连续的，块之间的地址是不连续的</p>
<p>定义方式</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c">deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> dq1<span class="token punctuation">;</span>                         <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指定元素为int的双端队列dq1</span>
deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">dq2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>                     <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指定dq2的初始大小为10个int元素</span>
deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">double</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">dq3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1.23</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>             <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指定dq3的10个初始元素为1.23</span>
deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">dq4</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dq2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span>dq2<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 用dq2的所有元素初始化dq4</span></code></pre>
<p>主要函数</p>
<pre class=" language-txt"><code class="language-txt">empty()
size()
front()
back()
push_front(elem)
push_back(elem)
pop_front()
pop_back()
erase()
clear()
begin()
end()
rbegin()
rend()</code></pre>
<p>实例</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">disp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>dq<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token punctuation">:</span><span class="token punctuation">:</span>iterator iter<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>iter<span class="token operator">=</span>dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>iter<span class="token operator">!=</span>dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>iter<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">*</span>iter<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">" "</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testDeque</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    deque<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> dq<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"dq:"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">disp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dq<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">pop_front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    dq<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">pop_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">disp</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>dq<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h4 id="list-链表"><a href="#list-链表" class="headerlink" title="list 链表"></a>list 链表</h4><p>实际是一个双向链表</p>
<p>定义方式</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c">list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> l1<span class="token punctuation">;</span>               <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 定义元素为int的链表l1</span>
list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">l2</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>           <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指定链表l2的初始大小为10个int 元素</span>
list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">double</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">l3</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">10</span><span class="token punctuation">,</span><span class="token number">1.23</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>   <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 指定l3的10个初始大小的初值1.23</span>
list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token function">l4</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>a<span class="token punctuation">,</span>a<span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>        <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 用数组a[0..4]共5个元素初始化14</span></code></pre>
<p>主要操作</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c"><span class="token function">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">pop_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">remove</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">remove_if</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>cmp<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">erase</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">unique</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">clear</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">insert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pos<span class="token punctuation">,</span>elem<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">insert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pos<span class="token punctuation">,</span>n<span class="token punctuation">,</span>elem<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">insert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>pos<span class="token punctuation">,</span>pos1<span class="token punctuation">,</span>pos2<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">reverse</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">sort</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">rbegin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">rend</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<p>示例</p>
<pre class=" language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">disp_list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> <span class="token operator">&amp;</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">::</span>iterator it<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">for</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>it<span class="token operator">=</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>it<span class="token operator">!=</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>it<span class="token operator">++</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token operator">*</span>it<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">" "</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testList</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> lst<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    list<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span><span class="token operator">::</span>iterator it<span class="token punctuation">,</span>start<span class="token punctuation">,</span>end<span class="token punctuation">,</span>temp<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">5</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">4</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push_back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"初始lst"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">disp_list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    it<span class="token operator">=</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    start<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">++</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">begin</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    end<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token operator">--</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    temp<span class="token operator">=</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">end</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// lst.end(); 在最后位置+1</span>

    lst<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">insert</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>it<span class="token punctuation">,</span>start<span class="token punctuation">,</span>end<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// start在2的位置，end在3的位置，it在5的位置</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"执行后lst.insert(it,start,end);"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token function">disp_list</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>lst<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 显示将 2 4 1 插入到5前边</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h3 id="关联容器"><a href="#关联容器" class="headerlink" title="关联容器"></a>关联容器</h3><p>关联容器中的每个元素都有一个key（关键字），通过key来存储和读取元素，这些关键字可能与元素所在容器的位置无关，所以关联容器不提供顺序容器中的front()、push_front()、back()、push_back()、以及pop_back()等操作</p>
<h4 id="set-multiset-集合容器-多重集合容器"><a href="#set-multiset-集合容器-多重集合容器" class="headerlink" title="set/multiset 集合容器/多重集合容器"></a>set/multiset 集合容器/多重集合容器</h4><h4 id="map-multimap-映射容器-多重映射容器"><a href="#map-multimap-映射容器-多重映射容器" class="headerlink" title="map/multimap 映射容器/多重映射容器"></a>map/multimap 映射容器/多重映射容器</h4><h3 id="适配器容器"><a href="#适配器容器" class="headerlink" title="适配器容器"></a>适配器容器</h3><h4 id="stack-栈容器"><a href="#stack-栈容器" class="headerlink" title="stack 栈容器"></a>stack 栈容器</h4><p>默认底层是deque，用户也可以指定其他底层容器</p>
<p>定义</p>
<pre class=" language-c"><code class="language-c">stack<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>string<span class="token punctuation">,</span>vector<span class="token operator">&lt;</span>string<span class="token operator">>></span> myst<span class="token punctuation">;</span>  <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true">// 第二个参数指定底层容器为vector</span></code></pre>
<p>操作</p>
<blockquote>
<p>栈只有一个出口，所以没有迭代器操作</p>
</blockquote>
<pre class=" language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token function">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>elem<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">top</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">pop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<p>例子</p>
<pre class=" language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testStack</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    stack<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> st<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"栈顶元素:"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">top</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"出栈顺序"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">!</span>st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">top</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">" "</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        st<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">pop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h4 id="queue-队列容器"><a href="#queue-队列容器" class="headerlink" title="queue 队列容器"></a>queue 队列容器</h4><p>定义与stack相似</p>
<blockquote>
<p>queue容器不允许顺序遍历，没有迭代器操作</p>
</blockquote>
<p>操作</p>
<pre class=" language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token function">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">size</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>elem<span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token function">pop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span></code></pre>
<p>例子</p>
<pre class=" language-cpp"><code class="language-cpp"><span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">testQueue</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    queue<span class="token operator">&lt;</span><span class="token keyword">int</span><span class="token operator">></span> qu<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">1</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">2</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">push</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token number">3</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"队头元素:"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"队尾元素:"</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">back</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">"出队元素"</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">while</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token operator">!</span>qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">empty</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">{</span>
        cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">front</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span><span class="token string">" "</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
        qu<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">pop</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
    cout<span class="token operator">&lt;&lt;</span>endl<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span></code></pre>
<h4 id="priority-queue-优先队列"><a href="#priority-queue-优先队列" class="headerlink" title="priority_queue 优先队列"></a>priority_queue 优先队列</h4><p>内置函数，需要重新定义优先运算符</p>
<h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2><ul>
<li>STL<ul>
<li>STL概述 - 三大件 容器 算法 迭代器<ul>
<li>什么是STL容器</li>
<li>什么是STL算法</li>
<li>什么是STL迭代器</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>常用STL容器<ul>
<li>顺序容器<ul>
<li>vector !</li>
<li>string !</li>
<li>deque</li>
<li>list !</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>关联容器<ul>
<li>set</li>
<li>map </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>适配器容器<ul>
<li>stack !</li>
<li>queue !</li>
<li>priority_queue</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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